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References

1. 1.2026 ESC Guidelines for the management of heart failure. European Heart Journal. 2026.
2. 2.AHA/ACC/ESC/WHF Expert Consensus: Second Universal Definition of Heart Failure (2026). Circulation. 2026.
3. 3.NICE. Chronic heart failure in adults: diagnosis and management (NG106). Updated 2025.
4. 4.Heidenreich PA, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure. Circulation. 2022;145:e895–e1032.
5. 5.Maddox TM, et al. 2024 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway for Treatment of HFrEF. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2024;83(15):1444–1488.
6. 6.Kittleson MM, et al. 2023 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on Management of HFpEF. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;81(18):1835–1878.
7. 7.Harding MM, et al. Lewis's Medical-Surgical Nursing. 13th ed. Elsevier; 2026.
8. 8.Hinkle JL, et al. Brunner & Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing. 16th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2025.