Quick Review · 5–10 min
For someone who has already learned the topic: fast, high-yield recall before an exam or shift.
Definition
A clinical syndrome from a structural/functional cardiac abnormality causing symptoms and signs through elevated filling pressures and/or reduced output.
Pathophysiology in one line
Pump/filling dysfunction → ↓forward flow and/or ↑filling pressure → SNS + RAAS activation → vasoconstriction + Na⁺/water retention → congestion + workload + remodeling.
Must-know symptoms
Left = lungs
Right = systemic veins
Important assessment
Investigations
Key medications
Nursing priorities
Red flags
Exam traps
Preserved EF ≠ no HF · Edema is not specific · BNP does not classify EF · Crackles can be absent · Oxygen is not routine just because HF exists · Diuretics relieve congestion but are not the whole disease-modifying plan.
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